First off, apologies for not writing for a few weeks. I have had a few “too many irons in the fire” lately, and although still in that situation, I decided to take a break tonight and get a post out. And quite frankly, I am irritated at my government right now.
Our great, all-wonderful Federal Reserve (hint–sarcasm alert!) has decided to flood the corporate debt markets for the first time ever, and quite likely against their Congressional mandate and therefore illegal, to buy corporate debt securities. And this includes some bonds that are in the first tier of “High Yield,” or more commonly called JUNK, to support our large corporations. Yes, these same corporations who have lived off the benefit of too-low interest rates for the past 8-9 years. If you doubt this, look at the amount of refinancing activity since we were hit by the coronavirus, totaling $1.9 trillion. The dollar floodgates have opened up!
But my bone to pick this week is not with the Fed or the large companies, who are just taking advantage of the opportunity given to them. If I were a CFO of one of these companies, you’re darn right I would be issuing some corporate bonds as well. I do know a good deal when I see one!
However, lost in all of this noise is the lack of funding for our country’s small- and medium-sized businesses. Just in the past week, I have read a few articles about how we are leaving the small businesses at the curb as we make sure the large companies have a lifeline of financing to survive these tough times. Even Fed Grand Pubah Powell referred to small businesses as a “jobs machine.” And yes, we had the first round of PPP loans that were “targeted” to small businesses. Yes, those with less than 500 employees. Really, 500? When did that constitute “small” businesses? And there were many stories early on of large companies lining up at the small business trough, where luckily many of them were shamed into returning the funds.
But there were also other problems with these funds. For example, they were only for amounts to cover wages, and converted to a grant (not owed back) if you kept your employees hired during the pandemic. After these details were discovered, many companies who needed the money gave it back. Why? Because first, wages for many small businesses do not even start to cover fixed costs. Costs like rent, some amount of utilities, interest on existing loans, etc. Wages are one cost that is variable, where worst case you can temporarily lay off workers until you can reopen your business. Oh, and many workers that would have been laid off could actually make more money by getting unemployment, which made the whole premise of these PPP loans unnecessary.
Then, the PPP loan fund quickly ran out of funds. So many businesses who could have taken advantage were not quick enough to get in line. Now, I am beginning to read stories about how many of these small businesses are shutting for good. And quite frankly, our government assistance on this has been underwhelming.
I have purposely stayed out of “politics” on my blog, as I see no reason to alienate anyone. However, how is this for a neutral take on our representatives in Washington? I doubt there are any elected officials in Washington who care for our country as much as they care about being elected. I guess I have gotten a lot more cynical as I have gotten older. OK, that is all from me on politics.
So back to my small business rant. So late Tuesday night, as I did some light reading before falling asleep, I read the weekly Thoughts From the Frontline newsletter from John Mauldin (it’s free by the way, and a weekly must-read). And John had written about some alarming discoveries about the availability of financing for these struggling small businesses:
Stiff Drink Time
Whether it’s a bond or a bank loan, recovery potential is part of credit analysis. Defaults usually aren’t a 100% loss. What can we expect to get back if the borrower can’t repay? If you have collateral worth, say, 70% of the loan value, then you are taking less risk as the lender and can loan more freely.
Even better is to have the federal government standing behind a portion of the loan. That’s how Small Business Administration loans work. The SBA typically guarantees 50% to 85% of a loan amount, which lets banks offer more flexible terms than many small business owners could get on their own.
Keep in mind, many small businesses are struggling now but not all. Some have new opportunities in this environment. With capital, they could expand and maybe create jobs for the millions who need them. But they need capital first.
Last week I read and reposted a Twitter thread by someone describing himself as a consultant who helps franchisees get loans, often via SBA guarantees. I asked him to contact me and was able to verify his identity, though I can’t reveal it here. He described a terribly frustrating credit environment in his space. Below is a portion of his thread.
“The banks I work with are SBA, conventional lenders who service smaller loans under 2mm and generally smaller operators of these franchise systems, and then larger banks who provide loans to larger operators from 2-50mm. I’m short–20+ banks across ALL spectrum of SME lending.”
“I fund 400-500mm in loans per year through these banks. In February we were on pace to fund well over 500mm and potentially 700mm–growing exponentially year over year.” STIFF DRINK TIME. “Since April 1st we have funded 5mm total through only 2 banks. Let’s dive in as to why.”
“SBA banks–they have lending limits to 5mm. Congress has authorized them to go to 10mm in the CARES Act but they have ignored it. This will become important later. They currently have guarantees from the govt at 80%–pretty good right? DOESNT MATTER THEY STILL WON’T LEND.”
“In fact, they are pushing the government to guarantee 90% of the loans (and likely on their way to 100%–see my prior posts on the de facto nationalization of the banking system). In short SBA has SHUT OFF BORROWERS waiting for more from Uncle Sam.”
“Current excuses ARE PLAYING BOTH SIDES (and this applies to all banking segments). A chain with increased sales since pandemic–no loan. ‘We want to wait to see if sales increases are sustainable.’ Doesn’t matter that sales are up. They may not be ‘sustainable.'”
“On the other side for businesses with sales down–‘well we just aren’t comfortable sales will rebound and we have concerns over COVID.’ So, sales up = no loan. Sales down or flat = no loan. Operator size IRRELEVANT. Are some banks lending? Yes. This is 75-80% of SBA banks.”
“They are also being EXTREMELY selective on industries they will do. If you are in an industry with ‘large public gatherings’ you better pray to Santa Claus for money.”
So, businesses with solid revenue still can’t get capital even when the government will guarantee 80% of the risk. Economic recovery will be very hard if this persists. All those loans not being made represent business activity that won’t happen, buildings not constructed, jobs not created.
It doesn’t mean the situation is hopeless. But it probably means we will be stumbling through this morass even longer.
John Mauldin, Thoughts From the Frontline, August 8, 2020
Update on the Economy
Sorry, enough ranting. It takes a lot to get me riled up, but when I do get riled up, watch out. Let’s hope our elected officials remember the little guys who are the backbone of our economy. Although I fear it will be after the election, if at all, before it happens. I do appreciate John’s optimism, though!
So, how is the economy? I am actually starting to see some encouraging signs, even with the COVID spike in the U.S. right now. Retail sales are showing signs of life, and jobless claims continue to drop. Are we out of the woods? Well, not really. At least not yet.
I continue to read speculation that we may be getting a false sense of security, especially with the government stimulus that continues to flow. The additional $600 in federal unemployment support has, in my opinion, been huge. As I mentioned earlier, many who are laid off have more disposable income than when they were working. Add to that the stimulus checks everyone received, and that has likely kept things better than the underlying reality.
I was talking to my sister earlier, and she recounted a conversation her husband had with a salesman at a car dealership. My brother-in-law was inquiring why there was a very limited selection of cars on the lot, and the salesman said that with the stimulus checks, they couldn’t keep cars on the lot as they were selling so quickly. He then added, “Just wait a couple of months, when we get a lot of repos.” How true!
I believe President Trump made a smart move with the executive order to re-approve the federal unemployment benefit, albeit at $400 instead of $600. Illegal? Probably. To get reelected? Of course. But smart, as he boxed the Democrats in from being able to call him on it, as they would likely suffer politically. Sorry, got into the political ditch again. Oh well.
But that does likely keep the economy limping along at least through the election. And maybe we can continue to build momentum between now and then. However, not all is rosy.
In an article earlier this week, ZeroHedge discussed the “biblical” wave of bankruptcies now arriving, something I have been tracking since early on in this recession.
There was a spike in bankruptcies during the week of June 13-20, in fact the highest weekly filings since May 2009. And most of us can probably remember back to that time. And those are just larger companies with over $50 million in liabilities. As we just covered, many smaller businesses have also closed for good. So we are not out of the woods of this recession yet. And mortgage lenders are also preparing for a significant wave of delinquencies as well. In fact, it is being reported now that getting financing for mortgages, especially the larger jumbo mortgages, is difficult. Banks are uncertain about how much loss exposure they have with existing loans, so they have become very conservative with lending more and potentially adding to their exposure.
U.S. – China Relations
As we move further into this Fourth Turning, we should all keep watch for geopolitical issues that start to escalate. And there is no bigger area of potential conflict than the U.S. and China.
There are three primary kinds of wars. Trade wars, currency wars, and shooting wars. And maybe we can add a fourth, political war. When it comes to the U.S. and China, we have had a trade war brewing for a couple of years now, along with some currency spats. Things are now escalating politically, with the U.S. closing the Chinese consulate in Houston, followed quickly by China closing the U.S. consulate in Chengdu. Add to that the Hong Kong issue, and this is one to watch.
I am not about to get into who is right or wrong on any of these, especially being married to someone who is from China. So I remain diplomatically neutral, if for no other motivation than to have a happy, harmonious home life! But I am concerned with the escalations taking place. This week, we had a cabinet-level U.S. representative visit Taiwan for the first time ever, followed by China war games to the north and south of that island, along with an apparent build-up of military assets across the straits from Taiwan. Then, the U.S. flies a group of stealth bombers to Diego Garcia in Asia, added to the already-present patrols of aircraft carrier battle groups in the area. One wrong move by either side, and we could end up with shots fired.
Let’s hope cooler heads prevail. But this is not the only area where tensions could erupt. Greece and Turkey are close to blows in the Mediterranean as well, as Turkey and Russia square off on opposite sides in Libya. It’s getting hard to keep up with the potential areas for significant conflict. As Neil Howe has said, not all Fourth Turnings end in a shooting war, but many do.
That’s all for me this week. Thanks for letting me rant. And get into politics a bit, although I will endeavor to avoid that minefield in the future. We have enough minefields in the world without me adding to it.
Greetings all, and happy Canada Day to all my Canadian friends, and an early happy Independence Day to my U.S. friends and family. Now that I have covered some background, let’s walk through the important developments in the past 1-2 weeks in regards to financial markets and the economy, which all tie in to our march further into the Fourth Turning
Financial Markets
What a roller coaster in the financial markets since late February. As the COVID-19 scare built, the financial markets took a big hit. Then, an incredible rebound occurred, starting in late March, pushing stocks back up close to, or in some cases, exceeding the all-time highs from February. Was this the shortest bear market in history? Not so fast. Beware of the potential for a classic “bull trap.”
The driver of the current stock market rebound has clearly been central bank policy and massive increased liquidity, led by our wonderful Federal Reserve Bank in the U.S. Before the COVID crisis hit, by almost any measure markets were overvalued. COVID was the pin prick that started the deflation of a financial asset bubble. However, central banks took quick action (much quicker and more aggressively than 2008), in effect re-inflating the market bubble. Their actions were quite breathtaking. It is no doubt that this has been the primary catalyst of the market rebound.
However, there is another phenomenon that is occurring that is pushing the U.S. stock market higher. Apparently driven by being stuck at home, bored, and nothing else to do, along with government stimulus checks and unemployment benefits (in fact, higher than some U.S. citizens take-home pay) providing some immediate cash with limited places to spend it, a new army of day traders have materialized, who have decided to “play” day trader to compensate for the lack of sports betting opportunities, led by DDTG (Davey Day Trader Global – https://twitter.com/stoolpresidente). In my opinion, this is classic market euphoria that has happened historically as markets are driven by extreme euphoria and FOMO (fear of missing out).
I read a lot in my spare time, and I recently finished a really good book, Lords of Finance by Liaquat Ahamed, that follows the story of the key central bankers who were the key financial leaders from World War I until the great depression hit. Our current day trading phenomenon reminded me of the market euphoria in the months leading up to the Great Depression. Back then, stock market investors were almost exclusively wealthy individuals. However, that changed in early 1929 as market euphoria took hold. The situation today seems very similar. And this time we have the Robinhood investing app and Davey Day Trader Global (DDTG) instead of the (quite tame in comparison) musings of Irving Fisher.
If you are not an intense sports fan, you may not know who DDTG (Dave Portnoy) is. He started a website that focuses on sports, betting, and other “bro” topics. And right before the pandemic hit, he sold 36% of his business, Barstool Sports, to Penn National, a casino company, for $163 million. Talk about great timing! And with no sports to talk about or gamble on, Mr. Portnoy decided to play the market with a portion of his windfall. In another stroke of luck, he started buying stocks right around the time that the market bottomed in March. With his mantra of “stocks only go up,” and being right SO FAR, he has proceeded to call out investing icons such as Warren Buffett (he’s “washed up…I’m a better stock picker than he is now”), Howard Marks and others. Of course, this is all to entertain his fans when there are no sports to discuss, but it does remind me of stories that were documented in the lead-up to the crash of 1929.
And many of DDTG’s followers are new investors, also sitting at home with no sports to bet on, that have signed up to use Robinhood to invest. Robinhood is a new online stock app where you can invest in the markets with no fee for buying or selling. It is the new hot app for the young crowd that have started investing for the first time. If you are one of these new investors, no offense, but you may want to study some Financial Markets 101 before you start investing your money. As proof of the absurdity of the markets, let’s revisit the Hertz bankruptcy that I covered a few weeks ago. As a reminder, Hertz filed bankruptcy on May 22. Let’s now look at the chart below from www.robintrack.net, a website that tracks Robinhood investor activity.
The green line is the number of Robinhood accounts that own Hertz stock, and the pink line is the share price. If you look at the far right of the graph, you will see activity leading up to and folllowing Hertz’s bankruptcy as our novice investors poured into the stock.
Date
# Robinhood Investors
Stock Price
February 20, 2020
1,064
$20.29
May 22, 2020
44,297
$2.84
May 25, 2020
44,354
$0.65
June 5, 2020
94,993
$5.53
June 15, 2020
170,814
$2.83
Robinhood users ownership of Hertz (HTZ)
As you can see, post-bankruptcy our new market participants drove the share price up from $0.65 at the time of bankruptcy to $5.53 almost two weeks later! That’s a 751% increase in the stock price! For a bankrupt company!!!! For new market participants, here is some advice: you may not want to invest your money in stocks where the company has filed bankruptcy. Why? When a company files bankruptcy, they have typically run out of cash and cannot get any further financing. Their liabilities are greater than their assets. The credit risk is so high, no one will lend to them. They may be able to restructure, sell assets, and continue to survive.
However, shareholders almost always get NOTHING! Zero. Nada. Zilch. They are the last in line to get anything of value in a bankruptcy. The holders of debt and other liabilities will get some compensation (usually much lower than what is owed), but not shareholders. If the company survives, it will typically issue new shares to new shareholders (in many cases a form of compensation to lenders), but existing shareholders prior to bankruptcy will never recover any of their investment. So our new breed of day traders must have assumed that since Hertz is a company with a very long history, it must be a great investment to get in at less than a dollar! Oops.
So the signs of market euphoria are everywhere. I am reading that the “smart money,” or professional investors, are sitting on the sidelines during this market rally. Why? Because the disconnect between the market and the underlying economy are at extreme levels, and as mentioned before, at historically high valuations. There is some small chance the market can stay elevated at these levels, driven by the massive liquidity provided by the Fed, but I believe it is much more likely that another drop will come soon, regardless of central bank actions that drive up markets.
One of my favorite reads is the bi-weekly newsletter Things that make you go hmmm by Grant Williams. In his most recent edition (June 21), titled Inconceivable, he covers some of the crazy things going on in the markets right now including Robinhood and DDTG.
Lord knows, in recent years, I’ve found myself uttering [Inconceivable!] on countless occasions but, since the beginning of this month, events have taken a turn for the preposterous…
Things that make you go hmmm, June 21, 2020
That was his introduction, and afterwards he covered the Hertz situation in detail as well as other similar situations. In reference to the new group of day traders, he comments as follows:
These people aren’t here for a long time, they’re here for a good time (although, lately, they’ve been having such a good time that, who knows? Maybe they’ll stick around a bit longer).
Things that make you go hmmm, June 21, 2020
We have certainly seen a bit of a pullback in the last week, which by no coincidence occurred at the same time as the Fed’s balance sheet started to contract a bit. I fully expect a lot of volatility for some period of time, with wild swings up and down. Trade carefully!
The Economy
The recession that we are now in is unlike previous recessions. Usually, recessions are triggered by an event in the financial markets, such as the dot com bubble in 2000 or the mortgage market collapse in 2007-2008, which then affects the economy. This time, it was the economy experiencing an extreme shock because of the virus hitting, causing businesses to shut down, resulting in a demand shock. This was after experiencing a supply shock when China, the world’s factory, shut down. It has created a chaotic situation for many businesses. The unemployment numbers are shocking, like nothing before with the speed in which it happened.
I read two different articles discussing this in the past few days (both are free newsletters). The first is Thoughts from the Frontline by John Mauldin, whose June 26 newsletter was titled “A Recession Like No Other.” Here are a few key points I gleaned from his analysis of the “Corona Recession,” with reference to recent published remarks from economist Woody Brock.
I thought we were headed for a credit crisis, centered on corporate debt rather than mortgages, as happened in 2008. The Fed’s decades-long easy money policies have many businesses leveraged to the hilt. That remains the case and could still become a bigger problem but for now, we are in something unique: a supply-and-demand-driven recession. Specifically, service supply dried up almost overnight as people lost those service jobs and, as will see, those with more money started to save dramatically more, further reducing demand.
Normally, some kind of trigger or “shock” makes business activity contract. Tighter credit or higher interest rates are often the culprit, not simply falling sales. Unable to finance continued operations, businesses close and lay off workers, who then reduce their consumption. The effects cascade through the economy and recession begins.
This time, the shock came with the coronavirus and our reaction to it. Note, it wasn’t just government-ordered shutdowns. Data now shows consumer spending started failing weeks before governors acted. Retail service businesses saw store traffic falling and, with risks to employees and customers rising, many closed even when not required to. But the result was the same: Business activity contracted and triggered a recession.
John Mauldin, Thoughts From the Frontline, June 26
I then read Bill Blain’s The Morning Porridge June 29 edition, titled “What if it’s just begun?”
This crisis is unlike anything I’ve experienced before. Normally a market crash is [an] explosive event – it occurs when something in the financial sphere breaks; like confidence in housing and financial systems in 2007, or valuations in the Dot.Com crash, or faith in credit constructs like during the European Sovereign Debt crisis in the 2010s. In each case of financial mayhem I’ve experienced since the Great Perp Crash of 1986, the initial shock and horror gradually lessens as the market discounts the shock, shrugs it off, and carries on…
This time it feels different. The crisis started off with a meteor strike – the virus. We’ve never seen anything impact the real economy so dramatically. Normally – it happens the other way around: financial crashes impact the markets and only then does the pain trickle down into the real world. This time it’s real jobs and production that got hit first. That’s fundamentally different.
I’m not convinced that markets really understand that difference. The effect on the real economy of financial failure is felt in terms of the flow of capital to businesses. If a bank blows up – it will impact savers and borrowers. This time we’re looking at how will crashing earnings and diminished rental incomes hit the financial markets – but they are behaving as if it’s just another round of QE [quantitative easing] Infinity for the markets to arbitrage. As we all know markets are completely delinked to the real world at present.
Yet, the damage the real world is going to inflict on financial markets is going to be huge – but that’s not what I see the banking regulators and authorities preparing for. They’re pushing financial institutions to participate by easing lending and supporting confidence. You can understand why – yet they also know a crisis [is] coming. Just read the dissenting statement by Fed Governor Lael Brainard after she stepped back from the Fed’s decision to allow bank dividends: “many large banks are likely to need greater loss absorbing capital to avoid breaching their buffers in adverse circumstances nest year.”
The bottom line is global central banks know a financial crisis is possible/probable.
Bill Blain, The Morning Porridge, June 29
So this time is really different, and not in a good way. Our central bankers, already incompetent in so many things, appear to be “flying blind” in our current situation. I fear we are beginning to see the last few snowflakes that will eventually start an avalanche of actions that will drive negative consequences for the economy. There are so many companies that have increased debt on their balance sheets, driven by cheap money. And in too many cases, they have used this cash to buy back stocks, increasing their executive bonuses at the expense of adding financial risk to their company. I do not see this ending well.
Bankruptcies continue to pile up. Chesapeake Energy, a company that pioneered fracking to extract natural gas, was the latest headline casualty. Also added to the list are Whiting Petroleum, Cirque de Soleil, Aeromexico and Chuck E. Cheese. We have now had 17 major retailers file for bankruptcy so far this year, including GNC, Roots USA, Tuesday Morning, True Religion, Centric Brands, Modell’s Sporting Goods, J.C. Penney, Art Van Furniture, Stage Stores, Bluestream Brands, Aldo, Pier 1, Neiman Marcus, SFP Franchiees Corp., and J Crew. Here in Canada where I now live, several well-known retailers have filed, including Reitman’s, Sail, and Aldo. I am confident the list will continue to grow. Many of these companies will survive, but with fewer stores and fewer employees. And this is on top of last year’s retail bankruptcies that resulted in over 9,500 stores closing. This year will be worse.
As far as who could be next, keep an eye on Michaels, Carter’s, Tailored Brands, Game Stop, Designer Brands International, Bed Bath & Beyond, and Ascena. There are also a lot of restaurants at risk, especially those that rely on the dine-in segment. And if a large number of retailers file for bankruptcy, who gets impacted? First in line, the owners of the shopping centers where these stores are located.
So next you should keep an eye on retail Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), especially those with a lot of debt. If tenants are not paying rent, and leases get discharged in bankruptcy resulting in vacant units, this will inevitably lead to the owners of that real estate having financial difficulties. The avalanche starts picking up steam. Travel-related industries are also being hit hard. The CEO of Air BNB even said this week that the travel industry will never get back to “normal,” referring to pre-COVID-19 conditions.
I ran across a good article about the impact on retail and shopping centers this week. There are so many small independent retailers and restaurants that will not make it through this crisis.
In short, bricks and mortar retail has been caught in a pincer movement, flanked on one side by Covid-19 itself, and on the other site by its cure. You know this already: The virus separated us, the cure institutionalized that separation, forcing societal shutdown that has driven us into our deepest recession in perhaps living memory, a recession that seems certain to run several years. The coronavirus means we will remain wary of one another until there’s a vaccine, perhaps longer; the cure means a majority of Americans will have little to spend.
What does this portend? Putting aside kids swarming the beach towns, few of us wish to take more risks than necessary. Driving on a freeway entails infinitesimal risk, but we do it to get somewhere; going shopping now involves a minute risk, but we accept it if the shopping is essential…
Our essential retailers – supermarkets, drug stores, banks, convenience stores and gas stations – are doing fine; in fact groceries and gas are killing it. Someone’s idea of essential, liquor stores and cigarette shops, are not complaining either…
Personal services – beauty shops, nail salons, dry cleaners, massage parlors, yoga studios and gyms, etc. – win on cheap, but lose on distancing. Fortunately for some – notably, hair and nails – essential trumps distancing; these shops will come back swiftly. Others, like dry-cleaning and massage, are less essential and will take time to regain their pre-Covid levels.
Finally, there’s the sweat subcategory: small gyms, bike spinning parlors, yoga studios, etc. Absent an amazing vaccine, these tenants may be in serious trouble. You can’t make money at 50 percent maximum capacity and you’ll never convince some meaningful percentage of your customers that they’ll be safe dodging sweat in a tightly packed room.
Following the distancing/cheap lodestone, food shapes up like this: drive-throughs are golden, traditional take-out (e.g. pizza) is rocking, and those restaurants that can successfully ramp up their take-out should be fine.
By the way, the coronavirus didn’t create retail’s larger problem – excess capacity – it merely pulled its curtain back. According to Forbes, we have roughly 50 square feet of retail space per capita in the USA while Europe has just 2.5 square feet. Washington DC has a restaurant for every 103 residents, while San Francisco has one for every 201 residents. That’s a lot of competition…
Bringing this home: To date, we’ve permanently lost half-dozen retailers, from restaurants to clothing to massage. Tenants who in effect said sue me, I’m taking a hike. To compound this unpleasantness, it would be fair to say that replacement shop tenants are just behind the spotted owls on the endangered species list. But if there is a safe harbor in retail, it’s a supermarket center in a good residential neighborhood. Without plan or compass, we happened to bob into that harbor years ago.
John E. McNellis, Principal at McNellis Partners, via Wolf Street (h/t ZeroHedge)
That is a great summary by a retail shopping center owner. Enclosed malls are the clear loser so far in this crisis, with open-air power centers and neighborhood centers anchored by a food retailer being best positioned to weather the storm. As difficult as the past three months have been for the retail and travel industries, another disruption with infections ramping up in the south and west in the U.S. is a problem. I believe there will be a collapse in these industries if a significant portion of the U.S. goes into a lockdown again. It will be brutal.
Shockingly, there are still economists that are predicting a quick “V-shaped” (i.e. rebound by year end) economic recovery. Seriously, what are they smoking? UCLA Anderson and senior economist David Shulman have updated their second quarterly economic forecast, with some interesting tidbits.
…the virus pandemic has ‘morphed into a Depression-like crisis’ with no V-shaped recovery until 2023.
‘To call this crisis a recession is a misnomer. We are forecasting a 42% annual rate of decline in real GDP for the current quarter, followed by a ‘Nike swoosh’ recovery that won’t return the level of output to the prior fourth quarter of 2019 peak until early 2023′ Shulman writes in a report titled “The Post-COVID Economy.”
“Simply put, depsite the Paycheck Protection Program, too many small businesses will fail and millions of jobs in restaurants and personal service firms will disappear in the short run. We believe that even with the availability of a vaccine, it will take time for consumers to return to normal” Shulman writes.
Zero Hedge, “;Depression-Like Crisis’ Unfolding With No V-Shaped Recover Until 2020, UCLA Anderson Warns”, June 25
That is not encouraging at all.
So, who holds the debt of these companies that are filing or are at risk of filing for bankruptcy? Banks, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, insurance companies, etc. hold most of this debt. And with unemployment continuing to grow, and the extra federal subsidies for unemployed workers set to expire in a few weeks, it is difficult to see how consumer spending will get back to the levels before the coronavirus hit.
Chris Whalen of The Institutional Risk Analyst had some interesting insights on the commercial real estate environment.
So how big is the impending commercial real estate bust in the US? Bigger than the residential mortgage bust of the 2000s and also bigger than the commercial real estate wipeout of the 1990s, including the aftermath of the Texas oil boom of the late 1970s and 1980s…
The latest Mortgage Bankers Association survey shows that commercial banks continue to hold the largest share (39 percent) of commercial/multifamily mortgages of $1.4 trillion. Agency and GSE [Government Sponsored Enterprise] portfolios and MBS [Mortgage Backed Securities] are the second largest holders of commercial/multifamily mortgages, at $744 billion (20 percent of the total). Life insurance companies hold $561 billion (15 percent), and CMBS [Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities] and other ABS [Asset-Backed Securities] issues hold $504 billion (14 percent)…
The fact of the COVID19 lockdown, the riots and looting following the killing of George Floyd by the Minneapolis police, and the coincident rise of telecommuting, which keeps people away from the large metros, raises questions about the entire economic structure of cities. So long as social distancing is required or even the preferred option, many of the institutions and structures within the big cities no longer function.
Connor Dougherty and Peter Eavis reported in the New York times on Friday: “Faced with plunging sales that have already led to tens of millions of layoffs, companies are trying to renegotiate their office and retail leases – and in some cases refusing to pay – in hopes of lowering their overhead and surviving the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. This has given rise to fierce negotiations with building owners, who are trying to hold the line on rents for fear that rising vacancies and falling revenues could threaten their own survival…”
So how big will the commercial real estate bust be in 2020-21 and beyond? In 1991, the FDIC reports, “the proportion of commercial real estate loans that were nonperforming or foreclosed stood at 8.2 percent, and the following year net charge-offs for commercial real estate loans peaked at 2.1 percent.”
In 1991, the net charge off rate for all $1.6 trillion in bank owned real estate loans was less than 0.5%. Multifamily mortgage loans peaked in Q4 of 1991 around 1.5% of net charge offs but remained elevated until 1996.
But this time is different. Based on our informal survey of REIT valuations and individual assets, we think that the world has been turned upside down for many investors. Actual LTVs [Loan-to-value ratios] for urban commercial and luxury residential assets in many metros are well-over 100 and are likely to be restructured, albeit over a period of years. As we noted last week, it’s all about buying time.
We think that net charge offs on commercial loans could rise to 2-3x the peaks of the 1990s, with loss rates at 100% or more in some cases, and remain elevated for years to come as the workout process proceeds.
Failing some miraculous economic rebound in the major metros, look for credit costs related to commercial real estate climb for REITs, CMBS investors, the GSEs, and banks in that order of severity. Figure a 10% loss spread across $5 trillion of AUM [Assets Under Management] over five years?
Chris Whalen, The Institutional Risk Analyst, H/T ZeroHedge, June 8
If I can summarize, a “V-shaped” recovery is pipe dream. The dominoes are already starting to fall. Many of the job losses to date will likely move from temporary to permanent. Our economy is no longer driven by manufacturing, as it today is primarily a service economy. And when many service industries, such as retail, restaurants, and travel, have suffered the brunt of COVID-19, a significant portion of our economy is suffering.
Conclusion
I originally planned to also cover some geopolitical events in this post, but my ramblings on the financial markets and the economy were quite a bit longer than I anticipated. So I will cover some geopolitical events from the past few weeks in my next posting (hopefully this weekend).
Our economy has taken a gut-punch, and we are staggering. Unfortunately, I do not believe the Fed’s actions are the cure for what ails us. As I covered above, this shock to our economy and financial markets is unique. And our ability to recover from this is negatively impacted by the central bank’s actions over the past 20-30 years to “kick the can down the road.” At some point, we will reach the end of the road, with nowhere to go other than off the cliff that is dead-ahead.
We find ourselves in the midst of our Fourth Turning crisis, with no easy way out. The next few years will be hard, very hard. But I still believe in American Exceptionalism. We will come out of this stronger than before. We have no choice but to “hunker down’ and face the challenges full-steam ahead. But the silent majority in our country must stop the silence, and be heard. Otherwise, we will lose all those attributes that have made us exceptional. And we need true leadership! I have yet to see any real leaders in our government step up to give me confidence that we have leadership in our country that can maneuver us through this crisis. We are not a country of chaos and disunity. Although if you viewed the current events of the past few months, it doesn’t seem to be the case.
I have spent the majority of my career in the real estate industry, and I find myself in the middle of the current economic storm. I am just very thankful that I am employed by a company that has taken a conservative financial approach to managing their business, with a strong balance sheet that can survive when others become insolvent. I am also very thankful that I have a job where I can effectively work remotely from home. I know many others who do not have that option.
Let’s prepare ourselves for the challenges ahead. I hate to say it, but I doubt we will ever go back to the good times we had just a few short months ago. I have heard many speak of the “new normal,” and I think that is absolutely correct. Change is hard. And we all now face a multitude of changes in our life. Economic. Social. Geopolitical. One of my favorite quotes, from a Kellly Clarkson song, is, “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.” Let’s all persevere, and come out stronger on the other side of this Fourth Turning. If you have no idea what I am talking about when I reference the Fourth Turning, go check out my post on the subject. Check out The Fourth Turning website (https://www.fourthturning.com/). And read the book. I know some of you have already done that.
Happy Canada Day and Independence Day (and Happy Summer to all others),
This week I am going to build on my last post of a couple of weeks ago and cover the central bank mis-steps in more recent times that are now putting the world at risk of significant economic shocks. Although the timing is difficult to predict, I expect the 2020s will be an extremely challenging decade, politically, socially, and economically. For more on why I believe we are on the cusp of these challenges, please read my previous post The Fourth Turning.
So first let’s recap a few key points from Part 1, as follows:
The mis-steps began with the added mandate given to The Fed in 1978 to maintain full employment.
This mandate is contradictory to the Fed’s primary mandate of maintaining price stability for a free-market, capitalist economy, as the process of “creative destruction” in a free market leads to business failures and temporary job losses.
This has led to unprecedented sizes of central bank balance sheets across the world and increasing debt loads for many governments. Corporations and individuals are also maintaining high debt levels.
One key point I failed to cover in the last post is a key reason why it is now possible for governments to introduce unlimited amounts of money into circulation today. In 1971, President Richard Nixon made the decision to “temporarily” take the United States off the gold standard. Under the gold standard, all U.S. currency was convertible into gold. This acted as a control mechanism to limit the amount of currency that could be put into circulation, as there had to be enough gold in the vaults at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and Fort Knox to support this convertibility. Oh, and 49 years later that “temporary” move off the gold standard has never been reversed.
Nothing lasts longer than a temporary government program.
President Ronald Reagan
I also want to expand a bit on the mandate on full employment. Yes, I know this sounds like a good thing. It is tough when people lose their jobs. But a key foundation of capitalism is a “survival of the fittest” environment where the strongest, most well-run businesses survive while weaker companies go away. This puts pressure on these businesses to continuously innovate and improve, and this is the environment that has created the strongest economy the world has ever seen. And the strides the world has made since the beginning of the industrial revolution is nothing short of miraculous. So capitalism has proven to be the best economic system for maintaining strong businesses, maintaining high productivity, and allowing standards of living to grow and citizens to thrive. It is not a perfect system, but so far it is the best that we as a civilization have devised.
On a personal note, I got laid off from my first job after graduating college with a degree in accounting. I graduated in December 1989, just as the world was starting to move toward a recession. The job market was also impacted for accountants by the consolidation of the “Big 8” accounting firms in late 1989, becoming the “Big 5.” So my first job was at an accounting firm near my hometown. This practice was primarily focused on tax preparation, and many clients were farmers. The farming industry had a bad year, and as we hit the slower period in August after wrapping up tax season and the few audits we had, I was laid off with the promise of being rehired in January. At the time, this was painful. But it really helped me to focus myself on dedicating the time and energy to study for the CPA exam and find a better job. I started a new job in November as a financial analyst at a failed savings and loan, but then was hired in December at a larger CPA firm in northwest Arkansas. This was a strong, well-respected regional firm with a much more diverse client base, and it was definitely a great step for my career. I stayed at that firm for almost three years, and then got an opportunity to join Walmart in the Internal Audit department, starting an incredible 25-year career. I now look back and can say in full confidence that being laid off was the best thing that could have happened to me!
Full Employment Mandate
So let’s explore the Fed’s full employment mandate further. As mentioned in my previous post, the Fed initially did not give much focus to this mandate. All through the 1980s the Fed Chairman Paul Volcker had his hands full getting inflation under control. So the U.S. spent the early years of the decade in recession until inflation started to finally come down. So not much happened early on after this new mandate.
Volcker was replaced by Alan Greenspan in 1988 as Fed Chairman. Under Greenspan’s leadership, things eventually began to change, where in order to maintain full employment, recessions needed to be eliminated or, worst case, at least minimized. As I think back to this time period, I also believe the 1992 presidential election was pivotal in bringing forward this change. George H. W. Bush was a popular president running for a second term in office. Two things stand out in this election for me. The first was Bush’s pledge in the 1988 campaign to not raise taxes. This is one failed promise that was a key focus on the election. But the other one is significant in regards to avoiding recessions and maintaining full employment. Bill Clinton’s campaign focused on the U.S. economy, which was in a recession in the early 1990s. In fact, one mantra of the campaign was, “It’s the economy, stupid.” Bush was by far the stronger candidate when it came to foreign policy and diplomacy, as a former member of the House of Representatives, Ambassador to the United Nations, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Clinton had no federal government experience at all. So it was a brilliant strategy for his campaign to focus on the economy. And it worked! This set the tone for future presidents to also push to eliminate recessions. And although in theory the Fed is an independent agency not answerable to the president, in reality this is very much a blurred line, as many are seeing firsthand with President Trump’s numerous tweets that are critical of the Fed and it’s chairman, Jay Powell.
The graph above shows the effective Federal Funds Rate, the primary tool the Fed has historically used to ensure stable prices. In times of economic expansion and to control rising inflation, the Fed raises rates. You can see this in the above graph during the 19990s and 2004-2006 as the U.S. economy grew quickly. Conversely, the Fed lowers rates in response to a recession, in order to stimulate the economy into a new growth phase. This happened in 2000-2003 as the economy moved into a recession after the dot com bubble burst and also in 2007-2008 during as the financial crisis unfolded.
However, look what happened starting in 2008. Rates were kept extremely low through 2015, although the economic recovery began in 2011. Then the Fed attempted to raise rates in 2016-2018 (while at the same time reducing their balance sheet), resulting in declining markets and a faltering economy. These actions were quickly reversed.
Now let’s look at this graph, focusing on the blue line. When the financial crisis hit, the Targeted Fed Funds Rate was taken to 0% for the first time ever in history. And it wasn’t enough to get us out of the Global Financial Crisis. That was when the Fed (and other central banks) came up with a new tool called Quantitative Easing (QE). Since they could not take rates below 0% (or so they thought at the time!), the Fed increased its balance sheet, or in other words they flooded the economy with dollars. This gave banks more funds to lend to individuals and businesses. So not only could you get low interest rate loans, there was plenty of money being lent, making credit easily available. And the first round of QE did pull the economy out of the crisis. Yea Fed!
The aftermath of the financial crisis is when I believe the Fed fully decided to focus on the mandate to maintain full employment. The theory was now that rates could stay low, and the balance sheet (available funds to loan) could remain high, and the economy could continue to be stimulated, thereby avoiding severe recessions, maybe forever.
So you may wonder, what is the problem? Sounds great! Well, maybe it is too good to be true. Remember our discussion on capitalism. Taking this approach also eliminates the “creative destruction” that is necessary to maintain healthy companies, and ultimately a healthy economy. Is there proof that this is what the Fed believed could happen, eliminating severe recessions? Maybe a few quotes will help.
In my more than eighteen years at the Federal Reserve, much has surprised me, but nothing more than the remarkable ability of our economy to absorb and recover from the shocks of stock market crashes, credit crunches, terrorism, and hurricanes—blows that would have almost certainly precipitated deep recessions in decades past. This resilience, not evident except in retrospect, owes to a remarkable increase in economic flexibility, partly the consequence of deliberate economic policy and partly the consequence of innovations in information technology.
Alan Greenspan, Oct. 12, 2005 (before the Financial Crisis!!!)
Would I say there will never, ever be another financial crisis? You know probably that would be going too far but I do think we’re much safer and I hope that it will not be in our lifetimes and I don’t believe it will be.
Janet Yellen, former Fed Chairwoman 2014-2018, June 26, 2017
It’s the Debt, Stupid
So, if interest rates are held artificially low, and a significant amount of cash is maintained in the financial system from which to provide loans to to businesses, individuals, other governments, etc., what are the negative consequences?
The graph above shows the actual and projected U.S. Federal Government debt as a percent of GDP. The only time in our history when it was higher than today was during World War II, when the country had extremely high defense expenditures, and resulting debt, to support the war effort.
The easy money policies have also affected personal debt. There was a drop in personal debt after the financial crisis, as many people paid off debt, while others had their home foreclosed, eliminating their mortgage debt. However, you can see by the blue line that it has been growing again since 2013, although it is still lower as a percent of GDP than it was at the peak in 2009. Because of the Financial Crisis and resulting decrease in debt, the U.S. is in better shape in regards to consumer debt levels than many other countries.
Source: Moneyweek.com
Unfortunately, corporate debt is at disasterous levels! There is a reason why the Fed has had to intervene (illegally?) in the corporate debt market, including select purchases of investment grade (i.e. junk!) debt. There are many who believe this action is beyond the Fed’s authority, and I am one of them. Companies in dire financial straits should file for bankruptcy, not be bailed out by our government. Most bankruptcies result in a restructure if its finances, not a liquidation of the business. So the company survives, and usually with a majority of its employees. So I seriously doubt these bailouts have any significant impact on the number of layoffs.
The impact of all of this debt is that it is a significant drag on the economy. Some key points are as follows:
Unproductive companies (commonly called zombie companies) that should have gone bankrupt through the creative destruction process are still operating, although at inefficient levels of production.
More and more cash flow is now required to service the debt (i.e. pay the interest), leaving less cash to reinvest in the company or return to the owners.
With so many zombie companies taking up market share, there are fewer and fewer attractive investments for companies that would otherwise look to grow. Alternatively, they end up buying back their stock and/or paying higher dividends to shareholders as there is no better use of these funds. There are even some companies that add debt (leverage) to their balance sheets in order to buy back their stock. In many cases this is done to increase their earnings per share (with no actual increase in dollar earnings, just fewer shares outstanding) in order to achieve targets for lucrative management bonuses. For me, this is gross mismanagement and a breach of fiduciary duties to the company. Many of these companies cannot survive and economic downturn because the balance sheet has been levered up to extreme levels. But those executives at least got their bonuses!
One of the smartest economists I have come across, Dr. Lacy Hunt of Hoisington Investment Management Company, has proven mathematically that as governments continue to increase their debt, each additional dollar of debt produces less in GDP.
The table above is from the Hoisington Quarterly Review and Outlook, Third Quarter 2019, and it compares the productivity of debt for selected countries for 2007-2009 versus the first quarter of 2019. For example, in the U.S. from 2007-2009, every dollar of debt produced $0.43 of GDP. However, in 2017 this drops to $0.40. Japan, with their extremely high government debt load, only produced $0.27 of GDP for every $1 of debt. And China has had the most significant drop in their debt productivity in this time frame.
Conclusion
So where does this leave us? We are at an unprecedented time in our fiscal and economic situation. We are basically trapped by our extreme levels of debt, and it is thanks to our central bank’s policies to try to minimize recessions over the past 20 years. We are getting to the point where central banks can no longer raise interest rates, because if they do, there will be a tremendous amount of companies filing for bankruptcy and even governments that cannot service their debts. In countries that have their own currency, they can always print more money to pay their debts, but this eventually leads to high levels of inflation, and eventually hyperinflation. The best solution would be to create economic growth to grow our way out of this situation. However, as discussed above, the extreme debt loads have eliminated this solution, as our debt burden has become too great. Because the world has never faced this situation, I am not sure anyone really knows how this plays out, although there are a lot of theories. At some point there must be a deleveraging process. And this will be extremely painful.
COVID-19 may have been the trigger that started this deleveraging process. Or the central banks, with their trillions in liquidity injections, may be able to delay the inevitable for a few more years. Regardless, I urge everyone to get prepared now. I believe everyone should have at least some small percentage of their portfolio in precious metals. Gold if possible. If you cannot afford gold, get some silver. And some of this should be coins or bars that are readily accessible to you if a crisis does hit. Be smart with your money and assets. Now may not be the time for luxury or discretionary purchases. As may of us learned from the pandemic, it is probably a good idea to have a few months supply of non-perishable food items. And face masks. And gloves. And some silver coins if your currency becomes worthless. As Pau Carter, Walmart’s first CFO, used to say when times got tough, “It is time to hunker down.”
And my final recommendation is to stay aware of the economic situation. Figure out the warning signs that problems may be imminent. If nothing else, follow this blog. I will do my best to keep everyone who reads this informed about our ever-changing economic environment. Share this website with others if you feel led to do so. Or find some smart economists and financial experts to follow.
I apologize if I sound like a doomsday fanatic. I have never been a pessimistic person, and I am still not. However, as I learned more and more about our current economic situation, from people far smarter than me, it woke me up to the need to plan for worst case scenarios. So I urge you to do that as well. We will make it through this difficult decade, and we can then look forward to better times ahead in the 2030s as we move into a new First Turning.
Going forward, now that I have covered a lot of background about what I have learned in the past 10 years, I plan to focus more on current economic events, the important developments I come across during the previous week. I will do my best to keep everyone informed, keeping our eyes wide open to what is happening around us, and around the world that may impact us. And there are some truly crazy, unbelievable things happening right now in financial markets. More next time.
My first memory of Hertz was as a kid back in 1977, when the famous O.J. Simpson commercials were a big hit. Of course, that was before all of the controversy that eventually tarnished O.J. for the rest of his life. The big news in the business world Friday night was the bankruptcy announcement by Hertz, that iconic rental car company that began renting cars in 1918.
Get ready to hear of more and more bankruptcies in the coming weeks and months. The unprecedented shutdown of the global economy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been devastating to many industries, beginning with industries related to travel, such as airlines, hotels, resorts, and yes, car rentals. These were the first industries to be impacted as airline travel began to decline, starting with the restriction on airline travel between China and the U.S. on January 31.
Since then, more and more industries have been impacted with the restrictions on businesses, stay-at-home orders, and enhanced social distancing. Many types of retail stores were not allowed to stay open, or their operations were severely limited to online sales or, in some instances, curbside pick-up. Restaurants were similarly impacted, especially those without drive-through windows or strong delivery models like pizza shops. Automobile sales declined. As a significant majority of people stayed at home and limited travel, fuel consumption evaporated, impacting industries from oil drilling to the local convenience store. These industries were also hit by the oil price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia that started during the weekend of March 7-8, just before the shutdowns hit North America.
The early forecasts of a “V-shaped” recovery, where the economy would quickly return to normal, were frankly laughable. As I start week number 11 of working from home (and 3 months without a haircut!), we have brought significant portions of our economy to a stand-still for over two months. Only now are we starting to see partial openings in some parts of the U.S. Here in Canada, it appears the reopening process is going to be a bit slower than in the U.S. And with the opening, how many of us will be willing to go to crowded places immediately? How long until this fear subsides? How restrictive will the regulations on businesses like restaurants be? Can restaurants survive if they can only seat 25% of their previous capacity? I am not sure there are a lot that can survive on less than 90% of previous capacity, with the low margins typical in these businesses? What happens if we get a second wave of infections in the next few months? Will the economy get shut down again?
There are a lot of unknowns that we now face. And I see no way that we will avoid a tidal wave of bankruptcies as we go forward. Businesses cannot survive very long without revenues, especially when there are fixed expenses that still need to be paid. Sure, businesses can furlough employees until this is over, but they cannot stop paying rent without being in default of their lease. Or, if they own their own property, most will have mortgage payment obligations to the lender.
One thing you may find a bit difficult to reconcile is the U.S. has already passed $2.8 trillion in aid to businesses and individuals under the various CARES act proposals, with likely more to come. Why can’t these bailouts keep companies from filing for bankruptcy?. Not Hertz. Not Neiman Marcus. Not JC Penny or J. Crew. While $2.8 trillion is A LOT of money, the truth is that this amount is only a band-aid for a couple of months in an economy the size of the U.S. And I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but there is a limit to how much the U.S. government, via the Treasury Department, can spend to continue to bail out businesses (apologies to all MMT believers).
A great resource if you want to understand the companies with the highest risk for bankruptcy is the Credit Risk Monitor (www.creditriskmonitor.com). They publish Frisk scores for more than 56,000 companies worldwide. The Frisk score is a 1 to 10 rating of credit risk, with 10 being the least risk and 1 being the highest risk. Any rating fro 1 to 5 is considered to be high risk. In the May 13 blog post on their website, they reported that bankruptcies through the first four months of the year were up 25%, from 47 last year to 59 this year. However, more alarming was the 69% increase in April, from 13 to 22. The blog post described the current environment as follows (emphasis theirs):
“The global spread of COVID-19 in 2020 has resulted in massive economic upheavals. Countries across the globe have enforced social distancing mandates and closed non-essential businesses, as the first quarter was closing. The economic hit from those decisions started to be felt fully by companies in April, as demand for virtually everything not related to the fight against the coronavirus plummeted. With the historic increase in corporate debt taken on in recent years, CreditRiskMonitor believes this is only [the] start of the default and bankruptcy trends. Based on previous recessions, we expect $1.2+ trillion in losses to be experienced in the U.S. market before this correction is complete.”
Well said. I hate being pessimistic, but to me, everything points to a difficult economic environment for the foreseeable future.
As I ponder the topics of future posts, I do have a few topics in mind, including the following:
A recession was already coming, COVID-19 just pushed things along
Fed mismanagement in the past two decades has put us in this situation
When the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) hit southeast Asia in early 2003, I was working in the U.S. real estate organization of my company, and I was not personally affected by this virus. I do, however, remember getting a call from my good friend Joe at the height of the epidemic. Joe, who had replaced me as the head of international real estate finance, had just returned from a trip to Toronto to meet with our real estate development partner. At the same time, several cases of SARS were discovered in greater Toronto, and upon Joe’s return back to Arkansas, our company had placed him in quarantine for two weeks. I found this quite funny, and so I gave my friend a very hard time for being stuck at home for two weeks in quarantine.
Earlier this year, when the news started to come out from Wuhan, It immediately drew my attention, as I still follow events in China because on my past experience there. In addition, my wife is from China, and she lived through SARS epidemic in 2003-04. Upon hearing the news that Hubei province was being locked down, she immediately sent me to Walmart to buy face masks, latex gloves, and hand sanitizer. We also began stocking up on basic food items. I admit at the time I thought this was a little crazy, but luckily I am a good husband and purchased all of the items on her list. And I am so glad I did! The next week there were absolutely no gloves or face masks to be found anywhere.
I immediately recognized this could be a serious situation. There is no way the Chinese government would lock down an entire province unless the situation was dire. It amazed my wife and I that, early on, the U.S. mainstream media almost completely ignored the situation. The U.S. news channels had 24/7 coverage of the impeachment proceedings at the time, but I felt the outbreak of the corona virus in China was a much bigger story. My wife was in touch with her family back in China on a daily basis, and we learned that people in her home city were very cautious about getting out.
I came into the year of 2020 with a cautious outlook. In my opinion, stocks, bonds, and real estate were all overvalued. We were in the longest economic expansion in history of the U.S., breaking the previous record of 120 months that had ended with the bursting of the dot com bubble in March 2001. I had started restructuring my investment portfolio in late 2018 to be more recession-proof. I was a bit early in making this shift and could have taken advantage of some nice gains in the market had I stayed more aggressive back then, but I slept much better at night knowing I was protecting myself from downside risk. And I did o.k. on my investments, just not as good if I had been more aggressive.
So here we are in May 2020. Is it just me, or does it feel like this year has lasted about 2 1/2 years?Below is a list of the significant occurrences so far this year:
January 3: A U.S. drone strike kills Iranian general Qasem Solemani.
January 8: Iran launches ballistic missiles at two Iraqi military bases housing American soldiers.
January 8: Ukraine International Airlines flight 752 is shot down by Iran’s armed forces.
January 16: The impeachment trial of president Donald Trump begins in the U.S. Senate.
January 30: The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the outbreak of the disease as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
January 31: The United Kingdom formally withdraws from the European Union.
February 5: The U.S. Senate acquits president Donald Trump.
February 27: The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) drops almost 1,200 points, or 4.4%, which is the largest one-day plunge (by points) of all time, and the week ending February 28 is the largest weekly decline since 2008.
March 8: 16 million people are placed in quarantine in Italy. The next day the quarantine is extended to the entire country.
March 9: The DJIA drops more than 2,000 points, once again setting the record for the largest one-day drop in history.
March 9: Oil prices drop as much as 30% during the day after Russia and Saudi Arabia cannot agree on production cuts over the preceding weekend.
March 11: The WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic.
March 12: Global markets crash again, with the DJIA dropping over 2,300 points.
March 14: Spain goes into lockdown due to a surge in the number of cases of COVID-19.
March 16: the DJIA drops almost 3,000 points, setting more records for the largest daily drop.
March 17: Iran warns that millions may die as the virus spreads throughout the country.
March 24: India goes into lockdown.
March 24: The UK goes into lockdown.
March 30: The price of Brent Crude falls to $23 per barrel, the lowest since November 2002.
April 7: Japan declares a state of emergency due to COVID-19.
April 8: China ends the lockdown in Wuhan.
April 14: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) announces that it expects the world economy to shrink 3% in 2020.
Wow. What a year, and not yet halfway over! I believe Vladimir Lenin was right when he said, “There are decades when nothing happens, and there are weeks were decades happen.”
So, if you are like me, you are wondering what will happen next? As we begin to open the economy back up, will life get back to “normal” quickly, or will it be a long and difficult period that we must face before the world economy stabilizes? I do have a quick, pithy answer to these questions. No one knows. We have never faced a situation like this. Never.
Sure, the Great Depression had produced a stock market crash where the drop, from the peak on October 24,1929 to the trough on July 8, 1932 was 89.2%! Let that number sink in. Let’s say you had $10,000 saved up and invested in the markets back in 1929. By the middle of 1932, your investment would have dropped to $1,080. People who had invested in the stock market were almost completely wiped out. Now, back in the 1920s and 1930s, it was the wealthy people who invested in the market. However, in 1929 the drop in the stock market was a reflection of the weakening economy, where weakening demand drove decreases in company profitability, which drove job losses. The unemployment rate peaked in 1933 at 24.9%, with 1 out of every four people losing their job. I remember seeing photos of men and women standing in line to get a meal, as many families suffered during these challenging years.
The question on many people’s minds these days is, “Will the pandemic lead to another depression?” First, let’s define that term. According to Investopedia (www.investopedia.com), an economic depression is “a severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity. In economics, a depression is commonly defined as an extreme recession that lasts three or more years or which leads to a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP) of at least 10% in a given year.” A recession is commonly defined as two or more quarters with declines in GDP. In the first quarter of 2020, GDP declined by 4.8%, and it’s a foregone conclusion that second quarter GDP will be negative. Remember, the economic impact of COVID-19 did not impact the U.S. economy until mid-March when quarantines began in many parts of the U.S. and Canada. Since the second quarter ends on June 30, we only have forecasts at this point for Q2 GDP. Here are a few estimates that I found:
Kiplinger -30% to -40%
Morgan Stanley -38%
PIMCO -30%
The Conference Board -45%
These unprecedented numbers are horrendous. And I’ve seen several unemployment forecasts of greater than 20% by the end of the quarter. Earlier in March, many forecasters were expecting a V-shaped recovery (quick decline followed by quick recovery), with GDP rebounding in Q2. Now the recovery forecasts are being pushed out to Q3 or Q4 by the most optimistic forecasters, and I fear these may be too aggressive.
Not to belabor the point, but the economic challenges we face today are unprecedented. Just think about it. This virus has led to the almost complete shutdown of practically every economy in the world by at least 8-10 weeks. While there are encouraging signs from China that a second wave of infections has not yet hit, the truth is China is far ahead of western countries in regards to volume of testing, contact tracing of infected people, and their aggressiveness in controlling the spread of the virus. Let’s hope that other countries are prepared for this when reopening begins.
So, even though I do not believe we can accurately predict the economic damage and when we will get past this, there are certain economic indicators that I am focused on. And no, the stock market is not one of them. Because of the central banks injecting liquidity into the economy at unprecedented levels, the stock markets have become even more distorted than they were before, with the result being the rich get richer as the market gets inflated again. That is a topic for another day, so let’s move on to what I am closely watching:
Industries directly impacted by COVID-19 – I include on this list airlines, hotels, resorts, cruise lines, car rentals, taxis, Air Bnb owners, etc. Will these industries get bailed out? If so, what does that look like? The travel industry has been absolutely slammed, beginning with the early travel restrictions in February. And then, of course, we had the Diamond Princess saga, where all 3.700 people on board were held in quarantine on the ship for 14 days. Can you imagine being an executive for a cruise line and watching in horror as these events unfolded? Late last year, my wife and I had discussed taking a cruise sometime in the next year or two. Now? There is no way we are getting on a ship!
Second-order impacted industries – I define these as the businesses that were not directly impacted by COVID-19 but are now suffering due to the quarantines/lockdowns. And as I begin to think of these impacted industries, the list very quickly got really long. In fact, a list of industries not impacted would probably be much shorter! At the top of my list, however, would be the following: restaurants, clothing retailers, convenience stores, real estate agents, cinemas, sports leagues, musicians (i.e. concerts), automobile dealerships, etc. You get the idea. Almost every industry has been impacted to some degree.
Bankruptcies – This is one area I will watch closely. As I monitor the companies declaring bankruptcy, I also think about who else gets impacted. For example, when a retailer files for bankruptcy, the other companies, entities, or individuals impacted are banks (loans are assets on the balance sheet), bondholders (i.e. pension funds, banks, individual investors, etc.), landlords (the retailer typically can reject any leases for locations where it longer wants to operate), employees (layoffs), etc. So as bankruptcies occur, their impact on the overall economy is multiplied as other entities down the line get impacted financially.
So let’s see who has filed bankruptcy so far this year. This is not a complete, all-inclusive list, but it is a good representation of the industries that are being impacted so far.
Restaurants: FoodFirst Global Restaurants (71 of 92 restaurants temporarily closed do to virus); Garden Fresh Restaurants (Souplantation, Sweet Tomatoes; liquidation); Krystal; Village Inn.
Retailers:JC Penny; J. Crew; Neiman Marcus; Papyrus (luxury greeting cards); Lucky’s Market (supermarkets; filed one month after Kroger divested of its interest in the company); Earth Fare (organic grocer; some of the 50 stores will stay open after being acquired by a new owner); Pier 1 Imports (seeking buyers after announcing closure of all 450 stores); Art Van Furniture; Modell’s Sporting Goods (will liquidate all stores after failing to find a buyer); True Religion (previously filed for bankruptcy in 2017); Stage Stores (Goody’s, Palais Royale, Bealls, Gordman’s; will start winding down operations while trying to find a buyer).
Other: XFL; Noah’s Event Venue (offers spaces for various gatherings); Gold’s Gym.
As you can see, so far retail has been the hardest hit industry when considering the number of bankruptcies. So it’s no wonder that there is speculation about shopping center owners that are highly leveraged and whether they can avoid bankruptcy. And there are quite a few more retailers that have not yet filed but are at risk of filing for bankruptcy.
As most of my career was spent in the retail industry, I continue to monitor retailers rather closely. Below is a list of retailers that have been severely impacted by the economic shut-downs that, in my opinion, are at risk of making it through this challenging environment, especially if re-openings do not happen soon:
Gap: Moody’s downgraded their bond rating to Ba1 (junk) on March 26. On April 1, the company announced they had suspended rent payments under the leases for their stores that are temporarily closed, and they are negotiating to defer or abate their rent in these locations.
Tailored Brands: Moody’s downgraded the company to B3 (speculative and subject to high credit risk) on March 26.
Game Stop: Announced on April 21 that it did not make a portion of lease payments where stores were closed due to governmental regulations and properties closed due to landlord decisions. They remain in discussions with landlords regarding ongoing rent payments, including potential abatement, deferral, or restructuring of future rents.
Bed Bath & Beyond: On April 3, Moody’s affirmed its rating of Ba2 (speculative and subject to substantial credit risk) but changed its outlook to negative due to uncertainty of duration of the store closures, impact on liquidity and credit metrics as well as the pace of rebound in consumer demand once the pandemic begins to subside.
Well, this note ended up being a lot longer than I anticipated, so if you made it through and are still reading, thank you! I have been considering starting a blog for a couple of years, but I always found an excuse not to do it. Luckily, it was a holiday today here in Canada, so I had the time to finish this note. The next few years will likely have many ups and downs, but I know we will come out of this stronger. I hope you have a great rest of the week!
Best Regards,
Brent
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For as long as I can remember, I have had a dream of being a writer. I just struggled to figure out what I could write about that would capture someone’s interest. I have also just lacked the confidence to put pen to paper (or, rather, fingers to keyboard) and share my experiences. I am glad to have been pushed and encouraged by my wife and my oldest son to get this dream started!
The home page of my website tells you my backstory. I was blind to economic realities in many respects when the global financial crisis hit in 2008. My family and I had just arrived in Hong Kong in early August, where I started a two-year expat assignment heading up Asia real estate for Walmart. And I didn’t personally have any negative impact from the financial crisis until sometime later when I looked at my 401k statement! Seeing the impact on my retirement funds jolted me into educating myself in financial markets and economics. I wanted to recognize the signs the next time the world was on the cusp of another financial crisis.
It took some time for me to find good, reliable sources of information where I could better educate myself. I was lucky to find some really good websites, newsletters, and books, and many of these were free. My goal for this website is to share what I have learned and also share my take on current events.
Now, just a little about me. After graduating from the University of Arkansas, I worked in public accounting for three years before joining the Internal Audit department at Walmart. My 25-year career would include stints in Corporate Finance, Real Estate Accounting, International Real Estate Finance, and International Real Estate. I have worked closely with real estate teams in Asia, Europe, Africa, Canada, Puerto Rico and Central America throughout my career. I also spent four years as an expat in Hong Kong, the first 2 1/2 years in the Asia Regional Office, and then 1 1/2 years in Walmart China in Shenzhen. I spent a great deal of time in China, traveling to 128 different cities during my career. I am now living in Toronto, Canada, working for one of Canada’s largest real estate companies.
For the past few years my concerns have grown about the fiscal path the United States and other countries are on. Governments are no longer concerned with fiscal responsibility, with deficits and total debt growing at an alarming rate in many markets. Even before the pandemic and resulting financial crisis, we were on a path to ever-increasing budget deficits, due to a combination of ever-increasing spending while reducing income due to corporate tax cuts, where the tax savings were primarily spent on stock buyback instead of reinvesting in the businesses to drive economic growth. And now we have a crisis that has resulted in additional trillions of dollars being spent or contemplated, with no discussion at all of how this will be funded. And with growing unemployment and tanking corporate profits, the reduction in tax receipts from corporations and individuals will be significantly reduced in the coming years. I fear this will not end well.
In future posts I will discuss the challenges I see for my country and the world. I fear we are in for a difficult few years financially. My hope is that we have strong leaders that can effectively get us through the coming crisis intact so that our children have a better world ahead.
Seay Economics 